Additional Resources
[1] Minneapolis approves $1.7 billion budget, Star Tribune, Dec. 6, 2022
[2] The Police Are Defunding Minneapolis, Two years since George Floyd was murdered, the Minneapolis Police Department is a fiscal disaster, Mother Jones, August 30, 2022
See also, Minneapolis faces $111 million in legal payments, Minnesota Reformer, November 16, 2021, and
Minneapolis awards $8.9 million to 2 people claiming Derek Chauvin kneeled on them, NPR News, April 14, 2023
[3] Settlement Agreement And Order, State Of Minnesota by Rebecca Lucero, Commissioner of the Minnesota Department of Human Rights, Plaintiff, vs. City Of Minneapolis, March 31, 2023, signed by Hennepin County Judge Karen Janisch on July 13, 2021, https://interactive.kare11.com/pdfs/Minneapolis-Settlement-agreement.pdf.
See also 2-page Fact Sheet, Minnesota Department of Human Rights Reaches Court Enforceable Agreement with City Of Minneapolis to Address Race-Based Policing and Strengthen Public Safety, updated July 13, 2023, https://mn.gov/mdhr/assets/FINAL%20Two%20Pager_tcm1061-571844.pdf
[4] Minnesota Department Of Human Rights, Investigation into the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Police Department, Findings from the Minnesota Department Of Human Rights, April 27, 2022,
https://mn.gov/mdhr/assets/Investigation%20into%20the%20City%20of%20Minneapolis%20and%20the%20Minneapolis%20Police%20Department_tcm1061-526417.pdf
[5] Investigation of the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Police Department / United States Department of Justice Civil Rights Division and United States Attorney’s Office District of Minnesota Civil Division, June 16, 2023 https://www.justice.gov/d9/press-releases/attachments/2023/06/16/minneapolis_findings_report_2023.06.15_0.pdf
[6] Agreement in Principle Between the United States and the City of Minneapolis and the Minneapolis Police Department, June 15, 2023, https://www.justice.gov/d9/press-releases/attachments/2023/06/16/agreement_in_principle_0.pdf
[7] “The Federation represents Minneapolis police officers in matters related to their working conditions, and terms and conditions of employment. The Federation is a union but its members, deemed ‘essential employees,’ are prohibited by law from striking.” Police Federation website: https://mpdfederation.com/about-us/
[8] PELRA MN Stat. §179A.14, Subd. 3. “All negotiations, mediation sessions, and hearings between public employers and public employees or their respective representatives are public meetings except when otherwise provided by the commissioner.” https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/179A.14
[9] The City of Minneapolis and the Police Officers’ Federation of Minneapolis Labor Agreement, Police Unit, For the Period January 1, 2020 through December 31 2022, https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/CPO-Contract-2020-2022.pdf
[10] Minneapolis City Charter,
https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=CH
[11] “Sanctity of life and the protection of the public are the cornerstones of the MPD’s use of force policy. Officers must recognize and respect the sanctity of life and value of all human life, and the need to treat everyone with dignity and without prejudice.” The Minneapolis Police Department Policy and Procedure Manual, updated: 01 July 2023, 5-301 Use Of Force, I. Purpose, A. Sanctity of Life. 5-300, page 1 of 38.
“Do no harm. In accordance with the Sanctity of Life cornerstone, the principle of Do No Harm provides a guiding light from which all decisions shall flow.
a. Sanctity of life and the protection of the public are the cornerstones of the MPD’s use of force policy. Sworn law enforcement officers have been granted the extraordinary authority to use force when necessary to accomplish lawful ends. Officers must recognize and respect the sanctity of life and value of all human life when making decisions regarding the use of force.
b. Officers shall treat everyone with dignity and without prejudice and use only the force that is objectively reasonable to effectively bring an incident under control, while protecting the safety of others and the officer.” The Minneapolis Police Department Policy and Procedure Manual, updated: 01 July 2023, III. Policy, A. Force Guiding Principles. 2. Do No Harm. 5-300, page 3 of 38.
[12] “Prior to the acceptance of any contribution (monetary or otherwise) by the Minneapolis Police Department, the MPD Director of Financial Operations must be informed. The potential contribution will be evaluated for possible conflicts of interest. Contributions from outside the MPD that are intended to benefit a Department activity may require authorization from the City Council before acceptance.” Minneapolis Police Department Policy and Procedures Manual, Id., 1-305, Contributions From Outside Sources. https://www.minneapolismn.gov/media/-www-content-assets/documents/MPD-Policy-and-Procedure-Manual.pdf
[13] “Taxes shall be uniform upon the same class of subjects and shall be levied and collected for public purposes.” Article X, Taxation, Section 1, Power of taxation; legislative powers, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_10.
“The legislature shall pass no local or special law ….authorizing public taxation for a private purpose.” Constitution Of The State Of Minnesota, Article XII, Special Legislation; Local Government, Section 1, Prohibition of special legislation; particular subjects, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/constitution/#article_12
[14] “Subject to the limitations in section 466.04, a municipality or an instrumentality of a municipality shall defend and indemnify any of its officers and employees, whether elective or appointive, for damages, including punitive damages, claimed or levied against the officer or employee, provided that the officer or employee: (1) was acting in the performance of the duties of the position; and (2) was not guilty of malfeasance in office, willful neglect of duty, or bad faith.” 466.07 Indemnification, Subdivision 1 .Indemnification required, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/466.07
[15] “A municipality has the power to pay a judgment entered against one of its police officers if in the discretion of its governing body it seems fitting and proper to do so. Minn. St. 471.45. The exercise of this discretionary power, however, is limited to those situations where the actions of the police officer which lead to the judgment occur in the performance of duty and do not arise as a result of malfeasance in office or willful or wanton neglect of duty.” https://casetext.com/case/douglas-v-city-of-minneapolis
[16] Request by Officer Michael Griffin for reimbursement of criminal defense fees (RCA-2017-01243), Minneapolis City Government, https://lims.minneapolismn.gov/RCA/1553
[17] See endnote 9 for the link to the City and Police Federation Contract, 2020 - 2022.
[18] Charge Of Discrimination, Minnesota Department of Human Rights, June 1, 2020,
[19] Temporary Court Order Changes Embedded in City Ordinance or in Police Department Policy & Procedure Manual, June 8, 2020, https://mn.gov/mdhr/assets/TRO%20Changes%20Embedded%20in%20City%20Ordinance%20or%20in%20Police%20Department%20Policy%20Final_tcm1061-526121.pdf
[20] Attorney General Merrick B. Garland Announces Investigation of the City of Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the Minneapolis Police Department, April 21, 2021,https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/attorney-general-merrick-b-garland-announces-investigation-city-minneapolis-minnesota-and
[21] “Holland Atkinson, the city's director of labor relations, told council members that if the contract moved to binding arbitration, the city could risk losing some provisions, such as statements that the union supports efforts to promote race and gender equity.” Minneapolis City Council approves police union contract in divided vote, The contract includes raises aimed at recruiting and retaining officers, but it lacks many of the disciplinary changes local activists are seeking, Star Tribune, March 24, 2022,
[22] See endnote 10 for the link to the Minneapolis City Charter.
[23] Minnesota statutes, Chapter 13, Government Data Practices, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/13
[24] Statements taken during administrative or disciplinary investigations are “prohibit[ed from being use[d] in subsequent criminal proceedings.” Garrity v. New Jersey, 385 U.S. 493 (1967),” https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/385/493/
[25] Many Minnesota Police Officers Remain on the Force Despite Misconduct /
Employment and arbitration practices nationwide are now under scrutiny after the killing of George Floyd, Wall Street Journal, June 25, 2020, https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/cuapb/pages/270/attachments/original/1614609686/Chauvin_Many_Minnesota_Police_Officers_Remain_on_the_Force_Despite_Misconduct_-_WSJ.pdf?1614609686
[26] “Department leaders are routinely blind to numerous warning signs that problem officers pose a danger to the public. Managers are often unaware their subordinates are being investigated for misconduct, promoting them through their ranks and lauding them for their aggressive tactics even as complaints pile up. Only when officers commit the most egregious acts of abuse — like Derek Chauvin kneeling on George Floyd’s neck until he died…— are they removed from the force.” Minnesota Reformer, December 15, 2020,
[27] Minneapolis police are rarely disciplined for complaints, records show, CNN, June 12, 2020,
https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/11/us/minneapolis-police-discipline-invs/index.html
[28] Minneapolis police officers disciplined in fraction of cases, Star Tribune, June 9, 2020,
https://www.startribune.com/minneapolis-police-officers-disciplined-in-fraction-of-cases/571120852/
[29] Minneapolis Police Department Discipline Matrix Rev: March 2018, https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/ex._03_-_current_mpd_discipline_matrix_1.pdf
[30] See endnote 11 for the link to the 2023 MPD Policy And Procedure Manual.
[31] 2023 Discipline Matrix, Minneapolis Police Department Internal Affairs Unit, January 30, 2023,
[32] “By defining “coaching” as “not discipline” Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey and his police administration keep secret most sustained police misconduct complaints. The magnitude of this loophole is breathtaking. It was reported in 2013 that during the first two years following its implementation, no Minneapolis cops were disciplined after 439 complaints. According to data in the MNCOGI litigation, for the past decade, approximately 90% of sustained violations result in coaching and are therefore nonpublic, i.e., secret.” Public needs access to police discipline records – Legislature needs to end “coaching” loophole, And that means all of them, Minnesota Reformer, February 16, 2023, https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/02/16/public-needs-access-to-police-discipline-records-legislature-needs-to-end-coaching-loophole/
[33] “To put it in context, since 2013, city officials recommended 741 complaints against MPD employees be considered for coaching, and 226 of those actually resulted in coaching. During this same period, the Chief of Police ordered coaching in at least another 48 instances where city officials had initially determined the infraction was not eligible to be referred directly to coaching. This means that, at minimum, 274 Coaching Documentation forms should be public as documenting the imposition of a consequence— i.e., discipline—for the misconduct. To make matters worse, thanks to the City Defendants’ doublespeak, the outcome of these sustained complaints where coaching was imposed is misleadingly listed in public records as “Closed – No Discipline.” Minnesota Coalition On Government Information v. City Of Minneapolis, County Of Hennepin Fourth Judicial District, filed June 3, 2021, Court File No. 27-CV- 21-7237, Status active, https://www.aclu-mn.org/sites/default/files/field_documents/01_2021_06_03_complaint.pdf
[34] See endnote 9 for the link to the Minneapolis City Charter.
[35] See endnote 11 for the link to the MPD Policy and Procedures Manual language regarding “sanctity of life,” and “do no harm.”
[36] “The City recognizes the need to maintain adequate staffing and supervisory levels. To this end, the City will make reasonable efforts to assure that properly qualified supervisory staff are assigned to all shifts, balanced by the need to respect the employee’s need to be away from the job and the organizational need to provide growth and development opportunities for the purpose of succession.”
Labor Agreement, Fire Chiefs Unit, City Of Minneapolis and Minneapolis Association Of Fire Chiefs Unit, January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2021, https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/wcmsp-198129.pdf
[37] Community Safety Work, Minneapolis Community Safety, https://www.minneapolismn.gov/government/programs-initiatives/community-safety/focus-areas/
[38] Alternative Response Pilot Programs, City Of Minneapolis,
[39] Will Minneapolis alternative policing pilots become permanent? MinnPost, August 22, 2023 https://www.minnpost.com/metro/2022/08/will-minneapolis-alternative-policing-pilots-become-permanent/
[40] Veto-proof majority of Minneapolis council members supports dismantling police department, MPR, June 7, 2020, https://www.mprnews.org/story/2020/06/07/vetoproof-majority-minneapolis-council-members-gives-support-dismantling-police-department
[41] See endnote 35 for the link to the MinnPost article, Will Minneapolis alternative policing pilots become permanent?
[42] See endnote 35 for the link to the MinnPost article, Will Minneapolis alternative policing pilots become permanent?
[43] Alternative Unarmed Response To Certain Calls For Service, Los Angeles Police Protective League Proposal, March 2, 2023, https://mcusercontent.com/6a0707887484bfcead01dcf9d/files/673f0eaa-11ca-0de9-ae6a-a3c69a787978/Alternative_Response_to_911_Calls_for_Service_1_.pdf
[44] Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC), The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Work and Fatigue, https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/fatigue/default.html
[45] Human Fatigue in 24/7 Operations: Law Enforcement Considerations and Strategies for Improved Performance, International Association of Chiefs of Police, Police Chief Magazine, https://www.policechiefmagazine.org/human-fatigue-in-247-operations/
[46] See endnote 10 for the link to the Minneapolis City Charter.
[47] “(a) A local emergency may be declared only by the mayor or the mayor's legal successor.” Chapter 128 Emergency Management, 125.50 Declaration of emergency, https://library.municode.com/mn/minneapolis/codes/code_of_ordinances?nodeId=COOR_TIT6EMPRMA_CH128EMMA
[48] “A local emergency may be declared only by the mayor of a municipality or the chair of a county board of commissioners or their legal successors.” Minnesota Statutes, §12.29 Declaration of Local Emergency, Subd. 1 Authority to declare emergency, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/12.29#:~:text=12.29%20DECLARATION%20OF%20LOCAL%20EMERGENCY.&text=It%20may%20not%20be%20continued,body%20of%20the%20political%20subdivision.
[49] Officer Work Hours, Stress and Fatigue, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs (OJP), National Institute Of Justice (NIJ) https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/officer-work-hours-stress-and-fatigue
[50] Maciag, M. October 2017. The Alarming Consequences of Police Working Overtime. Governing.com. https://www.governing.com/topics/public-justice-safety/gov-police-officers-overworked-cops.html
[51] Neidig, P. H., Russell, H. E., & Seng, A. F. (1992). Interspousal aggression in law enforcement families: A preliminary investigation. Police Studies, 15, 30, https://policing.umhistorylabs.lsa.umich.edu/files/original/5528df2d5b5c33cfeaa930146cfe20ccb5cad0cd.pdf
[52] Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): Police and Fire Employees, League Of Minnesota Cities, https://www.lmc.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/FLSA-Police-and-Fire-Employees.pdf, referencing Minnesota Statute Chapter §177, §177.23 Definitions, subd. 7 (9). Employee. https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/177.23
[53] Derek M. Chauvin, Badge #1087, Communities United Against Police Brutality, http://complaints.cuapb.org/police_archive/officer/2377/
[54] Man recalls being shot by former Minneapolis officer Chauvin in 2008, hopes for accountability in Floyd death, July 23, 2020, KSTP Minneapolis ABC affiliate,
[55] See endnote 10 for the link to the Minneapolis City Charter.
[56] Humphrey, K. Decker, K. Goldberg, L., et al. Anabolic Steroid Use and Abuse by Police Officers: Policy & Prevention. The Police Chief, Volume: 75, Issue: 6, June 2008. https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtual-library/abstracts/anabolic-steroid-use-and-abuse-police-officers-policy-prevention
[57] As police claims of PTSD soar in Minneapolis, public officials scramble to find solutions / In Minneapolis, the city has already paid out more than $20 million in workers' comp claims to cops. Star Tribune, April 2, 2022,
[58] See endnote 2 for link to citations about the City’s $120 million for legal settlement payouts.
[59] Article 31 Fitness For Duty, Section 31.01 – Statement of Policy and Purpose, The City of Minneapolis and the Police Officers’ Federation of Minneapolis Labor Agreement, Police Unit, For the Period January 1, 2020 through December 31 2022, https://www2.minneapolismn.gov/media/content-assets/www2-documents/departments/CPO-Contract-2020-2022.pdf
[60] Heyman, M., Dill, J., Douglas, R. Ruderman White Paper on Mental Health and Suicide of First Responders, April 2018, https://issuu.com/rudermanfoundation/docs/first_responder_white_paper_final_ac270d530f8bfb
[61] See endnote 59 for the link to Article 31 Fitness For Duty in the Police Federation contract.
[62] See endnote 3 for the link to MDHR Settlement Agreement and Order.
[63] See endnote 4 for the link to MDHR Investigations Report.
[64] See endnote 5 for the link to US DOJ Investigations Report.
[65] City of Minneapolis and Police Officers Federation of Minneapolis, Minnesota Bureau Of Mediation Services, July 6, 2023, https://mn.gov/bms/assets/Unit%20Clarification%20Order%20%2823PCL0820%29_tcm1075-583647.pdf
[66] Minnesota Administrative Rules, 6700.0700 Minimum Selection Standards, https://www.revisor.mn.gov/rules/6700.0700/
[67] 2021 MPRB Racial Equity Action Plan - An internal working document January 2021, Minneapolis Park And Recreation Board, https://www.minneapolisparks.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/MPRB-Racial-Equity-Action-Plan-January-2021.pdf
[68] New Perspectives In Policing. Police Discipline: A Case for Change, page 11, https://www.ojp.gov/pdffiles1/nij/234052.pdf
[69] See endnote 29 for the link to the Minneapolis Police Department Discipline Matrix Rev: March 2018. 2023.
[70] Mayor Frey announces new discipline grid for Minneapolis who break the rules, Star Tribune, June 1, 2022, https://www.startribune.com/mayor-frey-announces-new-discipline-grid-for-minneapolis-officers-who-break-the-rules/600181785/
[71] Discipline Matrix, Minneapolis Police Department, Internal Affairs Unit January 30, 2023,
[72] Woman Says a MPD officer told her Black Lives Mater is a terrorist organization, More than two years after Jacqueline Bilek filed a complaint about it, Scott Kaiser still works for MPD, Star Tribune, March 14, 2023, https://minnesotareformer.com/2023/03/14/woman-says-mpd-officer-told-her-black-lives-matter-is-a-terrorist-organization/
[73] See endnote 28 for the link to the Minnesota Reformer article.